Research Poster

Critical Literature Review

Renewable Energy Sources on a Peninsula: A Comparison Between the Use of Marine & Wind Energy Sources

By

Shaun Thomas Bagnall

BSc(Hons) Architectural Technology | Nottingham Trent University | Final Year (201617)

0.0 Contents

1.0 Introduction

2.0 Growth of Renewable Energy Sources Within the UK

3.0 Case Studies: Wind Farms

3.1 Burbo Bank Off-Shore Wind Farm

3.2 Gwynt y Mor Off-Shore Wind Farm

4.0 Feasibility (Case) Studies; Marine Technology Application

4.1 Severn Estuary: Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon

4.2 Eastern Irish Sea (Liverpool Bay Tidal Programme)

5.0  Executive Conclusion

6.0  Limitations of Research

7.0 References

8.0 Figure References

1.0  Introduction

There are three fundamental motives that the UK (and the rest of the world shares) which drive all conversations on energy and pushed the increase of the utilisation of renewable energy sources; Mackay (2009) expresses that the reducing of finite resources of fossil fuels, the motivation of climate change, as well as facts and personal opinions of the use of non-renewable sources of energy are said fundamentals.

"It is widely recognised that there is a need for long-term secure and suitable sustainable forms of energy. Renewable energy from the marine environment, in particular renewable energy from tidal currents, wave and wind, can help achieve a sustainable energy future” (M.A. Payne, A.I.L 2014, pp.1)

This paper by the author will be exploring the current usage of renewable resources by the UK as an island; more specifically at the employment of marine and wind technologies around the coastlines of the country. The sources which are to be studied throughout this paper are based upon primarily numerate quantitative research; scientific and analytical data will offer an understanding into the UK's exploitation of renewable energy sources. 


2.0  Growth of Renewable Energy Sources Within the UK

Within the early part of the 1980’s, the incorporation of renewable forms of energy was a concept largely ignored by developers, with only small-scale aspects of sustainable technologies being used. Nevertheless, what once was periphery of development has now become a primary and significant fragment of infrastructure. Within the work of Twidell, J. Weir W, (2014), Renewable Energy Resources, the progression of renewable energy systems have been discussed in greater depth; their findings has concluded that this advance coincides and evolves parallel with that of the evolution of technology; the invention of solid-state electronics, composite materials and the internet have supported the growth and reception (by that of the public) of these energy systems.

Ang, C. Toper, B. Gambhir, A. (2016) have mapped the policy development (for renewable energy) of the UK from as early as 1989 up to the present day. In 2015, The Climate Change Act policy was placed, specifying that the UK must decrease greenhouse gas emission by 80% by 2050, relative to the levels of 1990 (Great Britain Climate Change Act, 2008). Bassie, S. (2013) has reviewed the policies in detail, stating that “Layering policies has also created institutional complexity, adding to the administrative burden for businesses”; several policies that are in place provide clashed agendas, resulting in vast cost implications upon businesses. An improvement on these policies could be implemented and provide a driving force to promote a greater engagement of renewable energy.

Boyle, G (2007) clarifies that the UK’s main two sources of renewable energy come from the wind and the sea (marine), however the UK had initially elected to prioritise the development of wind farms over marine technologies. Although, Boyle continues to state that the decision of the swift erection of wind turbines was initially a difficult and slow process; due to the existing and ambiguous UK policy structure (like that supported by Bassie) in place as well as increasing price of construction (materials and world demand).

Figure 1. Operation Capacity of the UK's On and Off Shore Renewable Energy Systems (Renewable UK, 2015)

Brent Cheshire (2015) have explored the UK government’s current aims to develop innovative marine technologies which will aim to create approximately 200-300MW of renewable energy by 2020. This has been investigated and directly supported by Draper (2012), who explored the significant potential of the UK’s marine renewable energy programme; it is discussed that the utilisation of marine renewable energy sources must inevitably be incorporated across the UK if the preservation of modern life is to be withheld.

As explored by Sharpley, N. (2013), “selecting an appropriate site is key to the success of any renewable-energy project, financially and technically”. This is a key factor which ultimately gave conclusion to specific application of wind and marine-base technologies. Geographical and environmental aspects of the specific sites of these technologies is crucial in the selection of systems and efficiency obtained; decisions which the author must take notice of for future development.

3.0  Case Study: Wind Farms

Current case studies looking closely into the UK’s current operation of off-shore wind farms demonstrates the energy efficiency within specific geographical locations, as well as the economic value of their operation. 

3.1  Burbo Bank Off-Shore Wind Farm, Liverpool Bay

Brent Cheshire (2015) deliberates that Burbo Bank was an early start in the off-shore wind farm application during 2003, which saw the erection of 25 turbines averaging an energy capacity of 90MW. Nevertheless, DONG energy company, the sole owners of the wind farm have recently (2016) installed an additional 32 wind turbines upon the extension of Burbo Bank farm; these turbines are the largest in the world with 8MW capacity each and standing at 195m tall, providing power to 230,000 homes (Energy Monitor Worldwide, 2016).

As mentioned in Dong Energy (2014) Burbo Bank Extension Offshore Wind Farm Transponder Mandatory Zone (TMZ), issues have arisen relating to the interference of air traffic control from Liverpool John Lennon Airport over the Liverpool Bay by the installation of the larger 8MW turbines. Highlighted in further detail by Welsh Government (2016), the installation the Burbo Bank extension turbines has causes disturbance to airways as well as vessel movements. As mentioned previous in the paper, the geographical and environmental site characteristics must be considered during the lifespan of the systems, however physical interactions with the environment must be reduced to a minimum.

Due to the issue of interference of the newly installed wind turbines, additional turbines installed as part of an extension upon Burbo Bank must be done in line of a feasibility calculation study into the efficiency difference between the variable turbine blade sizes and numbers of turbines constructed, with the constant of the valuation being the area of the water-space used.

Figure 2. DONG ENERGY Burbo Bank TMZ Proposal Map (Dong Energy, 2014)

3.2 Wind Farm Planning

Toke, D. (2011) targets the planning interests and considerations which must be undertaken as part of development of off-shore wind farms. Planning issues highlighted by “Landscape and tourism have generated the most controversy since they are not ‘hard’ constraints in that they are matters of interpretation of aesthetics and tourism impacts” and with considerations to wildlife (marine & aerial), present transport routes in place (aviation and vessel) need to be duly considered in great depth during design.

3.3 Section Conclusion 

The installation of wind farms (off shore) have a large impact upon many varying factors of the surrounding environment. The incorporation of said technology can efficiently deliver large energy capacities when the correct application of size of turbine is calculated in relationship to the wind capacity. Nevertheless, the farms can provide interference on local wildlife, transport links and public opinion. All the information above will be correlated together against that of marine technology application to provide the most feasible action within the authors development.

4.0 Feasibility Studies: Marine Technology Application

Looking closely at feasibility studies of potential systems to be incorporated into water basins, potential energy capacities and efficiency can be gathered for the Peninsula.

4.1  Severn Estuary: Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon 

Aggidis, G. Waters, S (2015) have outlined the practicality of the Swansea Bay tidal lagoon which is part of the large Severn Estuary tidal programme, and they have mentioned; “As the lagoon only encompasses part of the estuary instead of blocking it off completely, there is much less interruption to fish passage, while protecting key environmental sites such as the mud flats and bathing beaches. They also offer rapid expansion, with sites outlined all around the UK” (Aggidis, G. Waters, S. 2015. pp.920). The application of the tidal lagoon has been designed to provide minimal environmental impact (existing animal life) around the proposed development, as well as future expansion with similar low-impacts.

South West RDA (2010), Severn Tidal Power, Feasibility Study Conclusions and Summary Report, explicitly states that Swansea bay is not part of an expansive project for utilising the Severn tidal power, but is still looking at exploiting the high tidal ranges. The report by South West RDA continues on to state “the estimated initial costs to construct the lagoon are substantial at £1bn. However, when this is compared with the £34bn required to construct a Severn barrage, this figure is much lower”. The proposal of the tidal lagoon is highly valued, although the consideration of energy output per annum of the lagoon against its construction value must be calculated to achieve a feasible decision.

The lagoon looks at exploiting the Severn estuaries tidal ranges [figure 3], which at its peak (10.5m recorded) are the Europe’s largest ranges, resulting in a maximum efficiency of turbine within the lagoon (Aggidis, G. Waters, S. 2016). With calculation of the tidal ranges of the water, the energy capacities and efficiency are calculated; this is a key property a design and the author must consider during feasibility into the paper question.

Figure 3. Swansea Bay Tidal Ranges Map (Aggidis, G. Petley, S. 2014)

The tidal lagoon, under the development of TPSB (Tidal Power Swansea Bay) are aiming to achieve an energy output of 495GWh/annum; which will be achieved using sixteen 20MW turbines with turbines measuring 7m in diameter. This estimated value of energy created per annum has been confirmed by Aggidis, G. Petley, S & (2015); who through 0D Dual Mode Modelling analysis have concluded that the energy output of the 16 turbines would be 479.8Gwh/annum. It has been greatly detailed that a feasibility into additional turbines within the same site constraint has concluded that the excessive increase in construction cost over-weighs the additional energy output. The author must calculate the efficiency of an increase of turbines against that of increase of turbine blades.

4.2  Eastern Irish Sea (Liverpool Bay Tidal Programme)

The Mersey Bay has been considered in several feasibility reports, as early as 1981, on the introduction of a marine renewable energy system within the Mersey river and to the outer connecting Liverpool by/Eastern Irish Sea (Aggidis, G. Benzon, D. 2013).

Figure 4. Bathymetry of North Wales and Wirral (Angeloudis, A. 2016)

Through the feasibility studies performed on the Mersey River and outer Liverpool Bay, is has been acknowledged that the topographical build-up of the ground is not at suitable depth for a proposal of stand-alone underwater turbines to be used; the turbine would impede upon the current vessel routes into Liverpool (Howarth, M. 2013). Burrows, R (2009), Tapping the Tidal Power Potential of the Eastern Irish Sea, has also come across similar conclusions to that of Howarth; due to the nature of the topographical water basin, it would be more feasible to utilise a tidal barrage system as oppose to turbines.

Figure 5. Cross Section of River Mersey w/ Proposed Bore Hole Locations (Burrows, R. 2009)

Much of feasibility reports of marine technology system installation within the Mersey have looked at a tidal barrage system, with the premise of utilising the 5.0m (maximum) tidal range (Aggidis, G. Benzon, D. 2013). A feasibility report by DoEn & UKAEA utilised a tidal barrage across the Mersey to achieve a 1320GWh/annum energy generation; using 18 sluice gates with 27 turbines, each at a 7.6m diameter blades. A similar potential energy value of 1130 GWh/annum was calculated under the 2009 feasibility report of a tidal barrage (ebb-generation with flood pumping). As outlined by Aggidis, G. Benzon, D. (2013), the difference in geographical data analysis (methodology) between 1989 and 2009 produces varying energy capacity results.

4.3 Section Conclusion

It is evident through the research that the incorporation of marine based technologies can be a largely expensive operation, and is primarily designed through the geographical data of the proposed location. With the increased priority on generating a greater renewable energy capacity, why is marine based technology so underutilised? The UK as an island has an abundance of open water sources for usage; the incorporation of these technologies could provide an abundance of renewable energy for use, although a consideration of climate change must be sought after, as the water properties (tidal ranges) and topography of surrounding land could theoretically change soon, reducing the efficiency of the system or worse still, creating a obsolete system.


5.0 Executive Conclusion

Upon gathering and analysing all the quantitative research through this paper, it can be established that a form of marine renewable energy system can be adapted and installed along the coastline of a Peninsula as an alternative to wind turbines. Although, it ought to be noted that the cost implications of the incorporation of marine based technologies may cause an adverse effect upon the designers/clients contemplating the addition of said technologies.

The case studies which have been analysed by the author above have shown with various geographical aspects (such as the topographical lay of the land/water basin) as well as the active properties of the water (tidal ranges) will provide a primary driving factor for which marine base technology would be more feasible. These factors may also provide evidence to suggest the incorporation of wind energies will be more efficient than that of marine.

In relationship to the author’s proposed development, the results of this critical literature review paper will be evaluated, with forms of scientific experimentation on various forms of marine technologies which could be utilised around the surrounding coastline; analysing the energy capacity and energy production per annum against that of existing wind renewable energy systems.


6.0 Limitations of Research

As part of this paper, the author has already evaluated a feasibility study discussing the incorporation of a marine-based renewable energy system to be included within the location of the a­­­uthors development.

If time permitted greater research and investigation into the papers initial question, the author would first explore various manufacturers of the energy systems used in wind and marine technologies; specifically evaluating how using different materials and sizes (for example turbine blades) will correlate to the efficiency and energy capacity of the systems. After this, the author would additionally consider the adaptation of more innovative technologies which can be utilised as wind and/or marine renewable energy systems; with numerical calculations of system efficiency considered and plotted against existing systems in place.

Word Count: 2199

7.0 References

• Aggidis, G. Benzon, D.. (2013). Ocean Engineering: Operational optimisation of a tidal barrage across the Mersey estuary using 0-D modelling. 66, pp. 69-81
• Aggidis, G. Petley, S. (2015). Ocean Engineering: Swansea Bay tidal lagoon annual energy estimation. 111, pp. 348-357
• Aggidis, G. Waters, S. (2015) Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews: A World First: Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon in review. 56, pp. 916-921
• Ang, C. Toper, B. Gambhir, A. (2016). Energy Policy: Financial impacts of UK's energy and climate change policies on commercial and industrial businesses. 96, pp. 273-286
• Bassi, S. (2016). Climate Change Policies and the UK Business Sector: Overview, impact and suggestions for reform. [online] Available at: http://personal.lse.ac.uk/dechezle/climate-change-policies-uk-business-sector.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Boyle, G (2007). Offshore Wind: The potential to contribute a quarter of the UK electricity by 2024. 31 (2007), pp 65-74
• Brent Cheshire (2015). Renewable Energy Focus: Offshore wind playing a lead role in the UK’s green energy transformation. 17 (1), pp. 23-23
• Burrows, R (2016). Tapping the Tidal Power Potential of the Eastern Irish Sea [online]. University of Liverpool. Available at: http://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/pdf/Tidal_Power_Irish_Sea_Final.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Dong Energy. (2014). Burbo Bank Entension Offshore Wind Farm Transonder Mandatory Zone (TMZ) [online] Available at: https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Commercial_industry/Airspace/Files/Burbo_Bank_ACP/Burbo%20Bank%20sponsor%20Consultation%20Document.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Draper., S. Borthwick, A.G.L. Houlsby, G.T (2013) Energy Potential of a Tidal Fence Deployed near a Coastal Headline. Phil Trans, R Soc A371: 20120176. Available at: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1985/20120176 [ last accessed 30th November 2016]
• Energy Monitor Worldwide (2016). First Wind Turbine Installed at Burnbo Bank. [online] Available at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1822936033?accountid=14693&rfr_id=info%3Axri%2Fsid%3Aprimo [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Great Britain Climate Change Act. (2008). Climate Change Act 2008, Chapter 27 [online] Available at: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/pdfs/ukpga_20080027_en.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Howarth, M. (2014). Continental Shelf Research: Assessment of coastal density gradients near a macro-tidal estuary: Application to the Mersey and Liverpool Bay. 87, pp. 73-83
• Mackay, D. (2008). Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air [online] Available at: http://www.withouthotair.com/cft.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Merseytidalpower.co.uk. (2016). The Project | Mersey Tidal Power. [online] Available at: http://www.merseytidalpower.co.uk/content/project [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Sharpley, N. (2016). A few guidelines for selecting sites. [online] Windpower Engineering & Development. Available at: http://www.windpowerengineering.com/construction/projects/guidelines-selecting-sites/ [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Shields, M.A. Payne A.I.L (2014) Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions. London, Springer. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hgfFBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=tidal+power+against+wind+power+wirral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_na_L74zQAhUhJMAKHQobCd8Q6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q&f=false [last accessed 30th Novemebr 2016]. [digitised by Google Books 2014]
• South West RDA. (2010). Severn Tidal Power [online] Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/50064/1._Feasibility_Study_Conclusions_and_Summary_Report_-_15_Oct.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Tidal Lagoon. (2016). Swansea Bay - Tidal Lagoon. [online] Available at: http://www.tidallagoonpower.com/projects/swansea-bay/ [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Toke, D (2010). Energy Policy: The UK offshore wind power programme; A sea-change in UK energy policy? 39, pp 526-534
• Twidell, J. Weir, T. (2016). Renewable Energy Resources. [ebook]. 3^rd ed, Oxon: Routledge. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=LYMcBgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=renewable+energy&ots=FwXeU22RJ3&sig=D-GmEL0tyn9vBtikEjbQp1twhHQ#v=onepage&q=renewable%20energy&f=false [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016] [digitised by Google Books ]
• Welsh Government. (2016). Burbo Bank Offshore Wind Farm offshore electricity export cable and onshore electricity export cable river crossing. EIA Consent Decision [online] Available at: https://www.naturalresources.wales/media/3237/eia-consent-decision-burbo.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].

 

8.0 Figure References

• Figure 1. Operation Capacity of the UK's On and Off Shore Renewable Energy Systems . Renewable UK, (2015) Wind Energy in the UK [online]. Available at: http://c.ymcdn.com/sites/www.renewableuk.com/resource/resmgr/publications/reports/StateIndustryReport2015Full.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Figure 2. DONG ENERGY Burbo Bank TMZ Proposal Map. Dong Energy, (2014). Burbo Bank Extension Off Shore Wind Farm [online]. Available at: https://www.caa.co.uk/uploadedFiles/CAA/Content/Standard_Content/Commercial_industry/Airspace/Files/Burbo_Bank_ACP/Burbo%20Bank%20sponsor%20Consultation%20Document.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Figure 3. Swansea Bay Tidal Ranges Map. Aggidis, G. Petley, S. (2014). Ocean Engineering: Swansea Bay Tidal Lagoon Annual Energy Estimation [online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0029801815006356  [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Figure 4. Bathymetry of North Wales and Wirral. Angeloudis, A. (2016) Applied Energy: Numerical Model Simulations for Optimisation of Tidal Lagoon Schemes [online]. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306261915016529?np=y [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016].
• Figure 5. Cross Section of River Mersey w/ Proposed Bore Hole Locations. Burrows, R. (2009). Tapping the Tidal Potential of the Eastern Irish Sea [online]. Available at: http://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/pdf/Tidal_Power_Irish_Sea_Final.pdf [Accessed 30 Nov. 2016]

Research Proposal

Renewable Energy Sources on a Peninsula: A Comparison Between the Use of Marine & Wind Energy Sources

By

Shaun Thomas Bagnall

BSc(Hons) Architectural Technology | Nottingham Trent University | Final Year (201617)

Contents

• Abstract
• Hypothesis 
• Primary Aim
• Objectives
• Research Methods
• Literacy Review
• Bibliography

Abstract


The concept and utilisation of sustainable technologies has been the forefront of debates and confrontation over the past few decades. As an island, the UK is fortunate as it has the ability to take advantage on two major forms of sustainable energy; wind and marine renewable sources. By exploiting these energies, the UK can target the reduction of its greenhouse gases as well as improving its economy in parallel. 

While the expansion of wind (turbine) farms on and off shore has continued since the installation of the first turbines in 1991, the use of marine renewable technologies is one we do not see exploited enough, even though it has the potential to play a huge part towards the sustainable future of the UK (Mcgrath. M, 2013).

"Studies have estimated the UK's total theoretical tidal range resource at between 25 and 30GWs - enough to supply around 12% of the current UK electricity demand. The Majority of this is in the Severn Estuary (which has between 8 and 12GW), with the estuaries and bays of the North West representing a similar amount and the East Coast a further 5 to 6GW (Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, 2013).

The author's field of study, looking closely at the technologies of architecture, means that he is always thinking beyond the element of design and construction. He is considering the future of the building; how it will age through time, how it will affect its local vernacular and its impact on the environment. The incorporation of sustainable technology is not something which should merely be considered during a design process in this day and age, the use of sustainable technology is a fundamental and key aspect to any design. 

As the author is currently working on a masterplan development of a coastal site on a peninsula, he wants to be able to utilise the best form of sustainable technology for his development. Therefore, a comparison needs to be distinguished between a currently sited off-shore wind farm and the introduction of marine based renewable energy. The conclusion of this investigation will feed directly into the arrangement and construction of the proposed masterplan.

Hypothesis

Wind energy will be a more feasible option for application on the Wirral Peninsula due to the depth of the surrounding water.

Primary Aim

Identify which type of energy provision will be more feasible for the Wirral Peninsula, through calculation of potential yield of coastal / tidal renewable energy sources.

Objectives

• Objective 1 - Explore the current usage of the Wirral Peninsula’s off-shore wind turbine programme; Using websites and books (as noted in Literacy Review), the sources will be used to together information and data on current Burbo Bank off-shoring wind farm

• Objective 2 - Analyse current coastal/tidal renewable energy technologies which can be efficiently utilised around the Wirral Peninsula; Using websites, books and journals (as noted in the Literacy Review), an investigation into the most suitable technologies that can be best utilised for the Wirral Peninsula, considering the geographical data of the River Mersey and River Dee (water depths, tidal patterns, etc)

• Objective 3 - To create a comparison between the use of wind turbines as opposed to marine renewable technologies on the Wirral Peninsula; Analyse of present data of energy yields with that area, use of books and journals (as noted in the Literacy Review), energy diagrams created by author to show energy comparison 

• Objective 4 - To evaluate how the incorporation of marine renewable technologies could benefit the Wirral as well as the North-West Region; use of author data and demographic data of the local region, using websites and journal data (as noted in the Literacy Review)

Research Methodology

To answer the title hypothesis posed, I will utilise both primary and secondary forms of research.

However, due to the nature of the question, the majority of the research will be secondary data; sources from books, journals, website (etc) will be assembled and analysed accordingly, to create precise and cohesive information. Case studies of similar projects / proposals with similar geographical data to that of the authors development will be utilised to produce scientific-based conclusions. The primary research that will be included within answering this question will be performed by the author; creating hypothetically energy systems, simulating that of a proposed marine energy system within the peninsula. This data can be used in comparison to the present off-shore wind farm (as collated with secondary data).

An overall conclusion and answer to the proposed hypothesis will be discovered through a combination of all the primary and secondary data. The final answer to the question will have an adverse effect on the final design of the authors Major Study Project. 

Literature Review

The author will be critically reviewing and analysing literature based on marine and wind sustainable technologies, as well as the present application (or hypothetical use) of marine technologies within an estuary/peninsula across the UK.

Currently Read Literature 

• Baird, C & Cann, M, (2012) Environmental Chemistry [ebook]. International Ed. New York: Freeman, W.H. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sGQdBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA348&dq=tidal+power+against+wind+power&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS9OHx8YzQAhVBKcAKHVS0C1cQ6AEIHTAA#v=onepage&q=tidal%20power%20against%20wind%20power&f=false [last accessed 6th November 2016]. [Digitised by Google Books 2012].

• Draper., S. Borthwick, A.G.L. Houlsby, G.T (2013) Energy Potential of a Tidal Fence Deployed near a Coastal Headline. Phil Trans, R Soc A371: 20120176. Available at: http://rsta.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/371/1985/20120176 [ last accessed 6th November 2016]
•  Shields, M.A. Payne A.I.L (2014) Marine Renewable Energy Technology and Environmental Interactions. London, Springer. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hgfFBAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=tidal+power+against+wind+power+wirral&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_na_L74zQAhUhJMAKHQobCd8Q6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q&f=false [last accessed 6th Novemebr 2016]. [digitised by Google Books 2014]

• Burrows, R. Walkington, I. Yates, N. Hedges, T. Chen, D. Li, M. Zhou, J (2009). Tapping the Tidal Power Potential of the Eastern Irish Sea. Joule Project, University of Liverpool. Available at: http://ukerc.rl.ac.uk/pdf/Tidal_Power_Irish_Sea_Final.pdf [last accessed 6th November 2016]

Literature Intended to Read

• Focus (2016) Renewable Energy Focus. 17 (1) (January). Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1755008415001088

• Park, Y.H (2017). Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Analysis of Characteristics of Dynamic Tidal Power on the West Coast of Korea. 68 (1) (February). Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136403211630658X#

• Ferrer, E (2015). CFD for Wind and Tidal Offshore Turbines [ebook]. Switzerland: Springer. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Y1HgCQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=tidal+power+against+wind+power&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS9OHx8YzQAhVBKcAKHVS0C1cQ6AEIKjAD#v=onepage&q=tidal%20power%20against%20wind%20power&f=false [digitised 2015]

• Finkl, C.W. Charlier, R.H (2009). Ocean Energy: Tide & Tidal Power [ebook]. Berlin, Springer. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RKbWnCckHcwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=tidal+power+against+wind+power&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiS9OHx8YzQAhVBKcAKHVS0C1cQ6AEIQzAI#v=onepage&q=tidal%20power%20against%20wind%20power&f=false [digitised 2012].

• Gov.uk (2015). Chapter 6: Renewable Sources of Energy [online]. London. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/547977/Chapter_6_web.pdf 
• Lyddon, Chartlotte; Plater, A.J.; Brown, J.M.; Prime, T.; Wolf, J. (2015) The impact of tidal lagoons on future flood risk on the North Wirral and Conwy coastline, UK. Southampton, National Oceanography Centre, 85pp. (National Oceanography Centre Internal Document, No. 16) 

• Andrews, H. Roberts, L (2012). Contemporary Geographies of Leisure, Tourism and Mobility. Oxfordshire, Routledge, 103pp. Available at: https://books.google.co.uk/books?hl=en&lr=&id=Su44F1hWMSoC&oi=fnd&pg=PA103&dq=wirral+peninsula+tidal+energy&ots=WJICQ-lZ06&sig=XOSxT_pggou6QaQJG-WhjK4bABI#v=onepage&q&f=false [digitised 2012]

Bibliography

• Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy, (2013). Low Carbon Energy: Wave and Tidal Energy - Part of the UK's Energy Mix [online]. Gov.uk. Available at: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/wave-and-tidal-energy-part-of-the-uks-energy-mix#tidal-range-potential [last accessed: 6th November 2016]
• 
  
• Mcgrath, M (2013). UK Tidal Power has Huge Potential. BBC News [online]. Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-20983645 [last accessed: 6th November 2016]